diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index fccc6e99..06bfa97d 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Claude Code Working Guide
 
-_Last synced: v2.8.40 (2026-10-29) — a Codex profile switch restarts Codex's app-server daemon so sessions follow._ A change that makes any statement in this file, `AGENTS.md`, or a README wrong — a moved path, a new or changed extension point, a retired rule — updates that file in the same change-set and bumps this marker. **Bump = replace the version/date and a ≤ 1-line summary; never append a changelog here** — details belong in the commit message and `docs/`, because this whole file is loaded into every session.
+_Last synced: v2.8.41 (2026-10-30) — a session outside every workspace is billed to the user of the Linux account it ran as._ A change that makes any statement in this file, `AGENTS.md`, or a README wrong — a moved path, a new or changed extension point, a retired rule — updates that file in the same change-set and bumps this marker. **Bump = replace the version/date and a ≤ 1-line summary; never append a changelog here** — details belong in the commit message and `docs/`, because this whole file is loaded into every session.
 
 ## Project mission
 - Maintain a reliable local-first dashboard for Claude Code session monitoring.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ A **workspace** — called a **lane** in the API, CLI, database and code, which
 - **Server tests never touch the user's tmux.** Run them through `npm run test:server` (`scripts/test-server.js`), never a bare `node --test server/__tests__/*.test.js` from inside a lane pane — the suites create and kill real `agenthub-lane-<id>` sessions.
 - **An artifact is shared as a SNAPSHOT and installed only into the viewer's own account.** `server/lib/artifacts.js` (`/api/artifacts`): a pinned file or a skill is copied once into `<data dir>/artifacts/<random>/` and every viewer reads only that copy (an owner's edit of a skill — in the Hub, or in the skill's source folder, which the server takes when the Hub is listed and an installer's differing copy is then offered **Update** — writes a NEW snapshot and drops the old one — never a write into the one being read; the newer of the two changes wins) — `raw` serves only a file the snapshot recorded, under a `sandbox` CSP + `nosniff`; a `page` is a `https://claude.ai/…` link only. A developer sees their own rows plus shared ones; only the owner or an admin changes one. Install writes a skill into BOTH `~/.claude/skills/` and the cross-tool `~/.agents/skills/` of every account the CALLER's sessions run as (`installAccounts`: their S3 member home, plus the host's for an admin, whose host-folder workspaces run as the host; S3: as them through `write-as`), never over an existing one without `replace` (the old one is moved to `~/.claude/agenthub-replaced-skills/`, never deleted), and runs a plugin's `claude plugin marketplace add`/`install --scope user` as the caller, never with `-y`; Uninstall (`POST /api/artifacts/:id/uninstall`) takes it out of the same accounts — a skill MOVED to `agenthub-replaced-skills/`, never deleted, a plugin `claude plugin uninstall --scope user --keep-data`; an admin's switch (Settings → AI tools, `ArtifactsHubSettings`) turns installs off. An uploaded or written skill is snapshotted under the same checks (paths relative, no `..`, no secret names, zip sizes read before inflating). `POST /api/artifacts/plugin/inspect` clones a user-named https link only to read `marketplace.json`, with every credential helper OFF — never send a login with it. Do not add a route that serves a live file of another user, installs into someone else's account, or takes a plugin command from the request.
 - **A workspace's instructions, extra folders and context files are lane facts, and a pane reads them only from the lane's rows.** The one addition is the workspace OWNER's own agent instructions (`user_prefs.instructions`, `PUT /api/me/instructions`, Settings → AI tools), which `launchExtras` puts first — keyed by `lanes.owner_id` (`local` in local mode), never by whoever clicked Start. `lanes.instructions` and `lane_sources` (`server/lib/lane-sources.js`) reach a pane through `launchExtras(laneId, tool)`, which `spawnRun` calls ITSELF — so neither spawn path can take them from a request — and every write is same-origin (`server/routes/lane-sources.js`). A folder must be absolute, exist, be a directory, not be or contain the OS home (`validateHomeDir`) and not be the workspace's own folder; it is the user's, and AgentHub never deletes it. An uploaded file is stored under `<data dir>/workspace-context/<lane id>/` under a name AgentHub derives (never a path from the request), and those copies are the only thing here AgentHub deletes (`ownsFile`): with their row, and with the workspace in `deleteLane`. Claude's `--add-dir` is VARIADIC, so it goes first in the argv where `--permission-mode` ends it, and the text (instructions + context file list + extra folders) is written at every spawn as the ONLY file `CLAUDE.md` of `<data dir>/workspace-prompts/<lane id>/` (a member's: `prompt-<lane id>/` in their handoff dir, via `write-as`), which goes in as one more `--add-dir` with `CLAUDE_CODE_ADDITIONAL_DIRECTORIES_CLAUDE_MD=1` in the pane env — never `--append-system-prompt-file`: a custom system prompt is a launch flag Claude cannot carry over a restart, so it refused `/tui` in every pane with instructions (side effect: a CLAUDE.md in an extra folder is now read too); Codex gets one `--add-dir` per directory and `-c developer_instructions=<JSON string>` — the text itself up to 6 KB, else a line pointing at that file. Only `claude`/`codex` take them. Never write them into the user's repo (CLAUDE.md/AGENTS.md).
-- **A workspace's sessions are the ones it OWNS, never the ones that ran in its folder.** `sessions.lane_id` is stamped by `bindRunSession` (`server/routes/hooks.js`) for the session a dashboard pane holds — first writer wins, a nested `claude -p` excluded — and no route sets it. A Codex/Antigravity session (their hooks are opt-in, so a pane may never learn its session) is also stamped by `claimToolSessions` (`server/lib/dashboard-runs.js`, called by both pollers and once at start): the lane of the newest same-tool dashboard run in the session's folder that was live when the session started, never a Claude session. A new Claude pane is started with `--session-id <uuid>` (`spawnRun`), so its `dashboard_runs.session_id` is known before any hook and a hook that carries no `run_id` (a hook handler older than `AGENTHUB_RUN_ID` forwarding) is still stamped from that run (`laneForSession`). Every workspace session list reads `GET /api/sessions?lane=<id>` — which also counts a still-unstamped session one of the lane's `dashboard_runs` holds, because hooks reach only the lowest-port dashboard on a shared DB and that one may be an older build that never stamps — and shows nothing else (no "other sessions in this folder"). Do not go back to listing a workspace by `cwd`, and do not guess ownership for old history.
+- **A workspace's sessions are the ones it OWNS, never the ones that ran in its folder.** `sessions.lane_id` is stamped by `bindRunSession` (`server/routes/hooks.js`) for the session a dashboard pane holds — first writer wins, a nested `claude -p` excluded — and no route sets it. A Codex/Antigravity session (their hooks are opt-in, so a pane may never learn its session) is also stamped by `claimToolSessions` (`server/lib/dashboard-runs.js`, called by both pollers and once at start): the lane of the newest same-tool dashboard run in the session's folder that was live when the session started, never a Claude session. A new Claude pane is started with `--session-id <uuid>` (`spawnRun`), so its `dashboard_runs.session_id` is known before any hook and a hook that carries no `run_id` (a hook handler older than `AGENTHUB_RUN_ID` forwarding) is still stamped from that run (`laneForSession`). Every workspace session list reads `GET /api/sessions?lane=<id>` — which also counts a still-unstamped session one of the lane's `dashboard_runs` holds, because hooks reach only the lowest-port dashboard on a shared DB and that one may be an older build that never stamps — and shows nothing else (no "other sessions in this folder"). Do not go back to listing a workspace by `cwd`, and do not guess ownership for old history. Billing has one more owner: a session NO workspace owns belongs to the user of the Linux account it ran as (`sessions.account` — the hook's peer, else its folder; `server/lib/session-account.js`, the host's account → the admin marked `users.host_account`, else the only admin), so a script's `claude -p` counts in Today, the Users page and spend quotas — a workspace's ownership always wins over it.
 - **A session's worktree is `claude --worktree`'s, resolved from the session row — and removing it never forces.** A Worktree start passes `--worktree=<server-made name>` (the `=` form: `-w [name]` eats the prompt otherwise) and Claude Code makes, populates and cleans up `<repo>/.claude/worktrees/<name>`; AgentHub only excludes `/.claude/worktrees/` at the repo root. A git route, a resume or a removal may work in a session's worktree only through `sessionWorktree` (`server/lib/session-worktree.js`: the session owned by the lane, its cwd not the lane's folder, registered by `git worktree list`) — `?session=` on the git routes answers `ENOWORKTREE` rather than falling back to the main folder. `POST /api/lanes/:id/session-worktree/remove` (same-origin, `confirm: true`, refused while a live pane holds the session) is the ONE dashboard path that deletes a worktree: `git worktree remove` with no `--force`, `git branch -d` never `-D`, a live-pid lock refused. Do not add a force, and do not let it touch a lane's own folder.
 - **Opening a session never resumes it — only SENDING a message to it does.** The sidebar and a workspace home ATTACH pane 0 to a session's live tmux pane (`/workspace?lane=<id>&run=<runId>`, `attachRequest` on `LaneConsolePane`) or, for an ended one, open it in its workspace like Claude Desktop (`/workspace?lane=<id>&session=<id>`, `client/src/components/lanes/SessionReplay.tsx`: its conversation read-only plus a prompt box; the console is only hidden, CSS). A resume re-reads the whole transcript into context, so it happens only on an explicit action: a message SENT from that replay (`resumeSessionId` + `prompt`, first free slot), the transcript page's **Resume**/**Fork** (`SessionResumeButton.tsx`, behind a warning), or the ticked sessions of the **Resume interrupted sessions?** dialog (`InterruptedSessionsPrompt.tsx`, `GET /api/run/interrupted` — runs whose pane died under them; opening it resumes nothing). The analysis page `/sessions/<id>` is reached from the session view's **Analyst** button (beside Files/Changes in the right panel). Do not add a path that resumes on a click. A resume is refused while a live pane holds the session (`409 ESESSIONLIVE` with that pane's `run_id`) — open that pane instead; a fork makes a new session and is allowed.
 - **A chat artifact runs in its own sandbox, never on the dashboard's origin.** The artifact panel (`client/src/components/run/ChatFilePreview.tsx`, `client/src/lib/artifactView.ts`) runs model-written HTML/Mermaid/React in an `<iframe srcdoc sandbox="allow-scripts …">` and an SVG in `sandbox=""` — never add `allow-same-origin` (the script would read the dashboard's cookies and call its API as the user), never render one with `dangerouslySetInnerHTML`, and keep its CDN libraries pinned to exact versions. An HTML FILE opened from the Changes panel, a Chat file preview or the File Explorer runs in the same sandbox (`client/src/components/HtmlFrame.tsx`, shown in a modal — `HtmlViewerModal.tsx`, Chat's `FilePreview modal`); its relative CSS/scripts/images are fetched by the DASHBOARD through the existing download routes and inlined (`client/src/lib/htmlInline.ts`) — never add a route that serves a folder to the frame without the login cookie. Versions are rebuilt from Write/Edit inputs (kept up to 256 KB by `server/lib/transcript-message.js`); no copy is stored, and Save to Artifacts uses the Hub's own `pinFile`/upload routes.
diff --git a/client/src/components/users/UserEditDialog.tsx b/client/src/components/users/UserEditDialog.tsx
index bdcd47d0..fe515fbf 100644
--- a/client/src/components/users/UserEditDialog.tsx
+++ b/client/src/components/users/UserEditDialog.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
  * @file UserEditDialog.tsx
  * @description The Users page's ONE account editor (admin only): profile
  * (display name, email), access (role, active/disabled — neither for your own
- * account), a new password (typed or generated, copyable — someone else's
+ * account — and, for an admin, whether they own the host's Linux account, so
+ * its sessions outside every workspace are billed to them), a new password (typed or generated, copyable — someone else's
  * may be anything and makes them choose their own at next sign-in; your own
  * must pass every rule of `lib/passwordRules.ts`), the workspaces the
  * account owns (remove, add from every workspace), its spend quota (the
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ export function UserEditDialog({
   const [email, setEmail] = useState(user.email ?? "");
   const [role, setRole] = useState<Role>(user.role);
   const [active, setActive] = useState(!user.disabled);
+  const [hostAccount, setHostAccount] = useState(Boolean(user.hostAccount));
   const [password, setPassword] = useState("");
   const [showPassword, setShowPassword] = useState(false);
   const [owned, setOwned] = useState<OwnedWorkspace[] | null>(null);
@@ -139,6 +141,7 @@ export function UserEditDialog({
   if (norm(email) !== (user.email ?? null)) patch.email = norm(email);
   if (!self && role !== user.role) patch.role = role;
   if (!self && active === user.disabled) patch.disabled = !active;
+  if (role === "admin" && hostAccount !== Boolean(user.hostAccount)) patch.hostAccount = hostAccount;
   if (password) patch.password = password;
   if (added.length) patch.addWorkspaces = added;
   if (removed.size) patch.removeWorkspaces = [...removed];
@@ -364,6 +367,17 @@ export function UserEditDialog({
                 )}
               </div>
             </div>
+            {role === "admin" && (
+              <div className="mt-3">
+                <Checkbox
+                  checked={hostAccount}
+                  onChange={setHostAccount}
+                  label={t("edit.hostAccount")}
+                  labelClassName="text-sm text-fg-secondary"
+                />
+                <p className="ml-6 mt-0.5 text-[11px] text-fg-muted">{t("edit.hostAccountHint")}</p>
+              </div>
+            )}
           </Section>
 
           <Section title={t("edit.password")}>
diff --git a/client/src/i18n/locales/en/users.json b/client/src/i18n/locales/en/users.json
index 4ed7a535..6b20da2b 100644
--- a/client/src/i18n/locales/en/users.json
+++ b/client/src/i18n/locales/en/users.json
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@
     "status": "Status",
     "active": "Active",
     "statusHint": "A disabled user cannot sign in; their workspaces and history stay.",
+    "hostAccount": "Owns this server's host account",
+    "hostAccountHint": "Sessions run as the server's own Linux account outside every workspace (a script's claude -p, a CLI in a plain terminal) count toward this admin's spend. At most one admin; with none marked, the only admin.",
     "selfRole": "You cannot change your own role.",
     "selfDisable": "You cannot disable yourself.",
     "password": "Password",
diff --git a/client/src/i18n/locales/vi/users.json b/client/src/i18n/locales/vi/users.json
index 908468b1..2f94a0a9 100644
--- a/client/src/i18n/locales/vi/users.json
+++ b/client/src/i18n/locales/vi/users.json
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@
     "status": "Trạng thái",
     "active": "Đang hoạt động",
     "statusHint": "Người dùng bị vô hiệu hoá không thể đăng nhập; workspace và lịch sử vẫn được giữ.",
+    "hostAccount": "Sở hữu tài khoản host của máy chủ",
+    "hostAccountHint": "Session chạy bằng tài khoản Linux của máy chủ nhưng ngoài mọi workspace (claude -p của script, CLI trong terminal thường) được tính vào chi phí của admin này. Tối đa một admin; nếu chưa ai được chọn thì là admin duy nhất.",
     "selfRole": "Bạn không thể đổi vai trò của chính mình.",
     "selfDisable": "Bạn không thể tự vô hiệu hoá mình.",
     "password": "Mật khẩu",
diff --git a/client/src/lib/api.ts b/client/src/lib/api.ts
index 93c7b5cb..849fe237 100644
--- a/client/src/lib/api.ts
+++ b/client/src/lib/api.ts
@@ -800,6 +800,8 @@ export type UserPatch = {
   addWorkspaces?: number[];
   removeWorkspaces?: number[];
   signOut?: true;
+  /** Owns the host's Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace bill to them (admins only). */
+  hostAccount?: boolean;
   /** Their own spend quota (`default` = the default applies). */
   quota?: UserQuotaSetting;
 };
@@ -983,6 +985,8 @@ export type AuthUser = {
   createdAt?: string;
   /** An admin gave this password: the user must choose their own before anything else. */
   mustChangePassword?: boolean;
+  /** Owns the host's Linux account (server/lib/session-account.js) — absent from an older server. */
+  hostAccount?: boolean;
 };
 export type AuthState = { mode: "local" } | { mode: "server"; user: AuthUser | null };
 /** GET /api/me/prefs — the signed-in account's own UI preferences (localStorage keys). */
diff --git a/docs/SERVER-MODE.md b/docs/SERVER-MODE.md
index 7263269e..5c38c2f4 100644
--- a/docs/SERVER-MODE.md
+++ b/docs/SERVER-MODE.md
@@ -732,7 +732,17 @@ An admin limits what each user may spend, in dollars, on the Users page
   every account change; each one re-applies at once (`sweep`).
 
 Spend is the users page's own figure: the tokens of the sessions the user
-OWNS through a workspace, priced by `calculateCost`. The Users table shows
+OWNS, priced by `calculateCost`. A session is owned through its workspace;
+one no workspace owns — a script's `claude -p` in a temp folder, a CLI in a
+plain terminal — is owned by the user of the Linux account it ran as
+(`sessions.account`, `server/lib/session-account.js`: the hook's peer uid,
+else the session's folder): a member's account bills to that member, the
+host's to the admin ticked **Owns this server's host account** in Edit user
+(`PATCH /api/users/:id` `{hostAccount: true}`, at most one), or with none
+ticked to the only admin. The same rule feeds the status bar's **Today**.
+A process that drops the pane's environment also drops
+`AGENTHUB_QUOTA_FILE`, so its prompts are not refused by the hook — but its
+spend still counts, and stops the user's next session. The Users table shows
 each user's spend against their quota; the user sees their own as **Quota N%**
 in the status bar (`GET /api/me/quota`).
 
diff --git a/openapi.yaml b/openapi.yaml
index 12894c7a..645d8f6e 100644
--- a/openapi.yaml
+++ b/openapi.yaml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 openapi: 3.0.3
 info:
   title: Agent Dashboard for Claude Code API
-  version: 2.8.30
+  version: 2.8.40
   description: HTTP API for real-time Claude Code session monitoring, agent lifecycle tracking, analytics, pricing, hooks ingestion, and workflow intelligence.
   contact:
     name: Nguyễn Ngọc Trí Vĩ
@@ -15410,6 +15410,9 @@ paths:
                   type: boolean
                   enum:
                     - true
+                hostAccount:
+                  type: boolean
+                  description: 'An admin owns the host''s Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace are billed to them (at most one; EBADROLE for a non-admin)'
                 quota:
                   $ref: '#/components/schemas/UserQuotaSetting'
                 currentPassword:
@@ -19932,6 +19935,9 @@ paths:
                     items:
                       type: string
                     description: Files the switch wrote.
+                  following:
+                    type: boolean
+                    description: 'Codex: a running app-server daemon was restarted, so open and new sessions use the new login.'
         '400':
           description: '`EBADNAME` / `EBADLABEL`.'
           content:
diff --git a/server/__tests__/session-account.test.js b/server/__tests__/session-account.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e8cc17d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/__tests__/session-account.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/**
+ * @file session-account.test.js
+ * @description A session no workspace owns is billed to the user of the Linux
+ * account it ran as (server/lib/session-account.js): a member's account to
+ * that member, the host's to the admin marked as its owner (or the only
+ * admin). A workspace's ownership always wins, a pushed session never gets an
+ * account, and the hook peer is stamped once.
+ * @author Nguyễn Ngọc Trí Vĩ <vinnt@smartgift.vn>
+ */
+
+const { describe, it, before, after } = require("node:test");
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const path = require("node:path");
+const fs = require("node:fs");
+const os = require("node:os");
+
+const TMP = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "session-account-test-"));
+process.env.DASHBOARD_DB_PATH = path.join(TMP, "dashboard.db");
+
+const { db } = require("../db");
+const sa = require("../lib/session-account");
+const scope = require("../lib/scope");
+const { OWNED_SESSIONS } = require("../routes/users");
+
+const own = (id) => {
+  const w = scope.ownSessionWhere({ user: { id } });
+  return db
+    .prepare(`SELECT id FROM sessions WHERE ${w.where} ORDER BY id`)
+    .all(...w.params)
+    .map((r) => r.id);
+};
+
+before(() => {
+  const user = db.prepare(
+    "INSERT INTO users (id, username, role, password_hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?, 'x')"
+  );
+  user.run(1, "boss", "admin");
+  user.run(2, "dev", "developer");
+  db.prepare("INSERT INTO lanes (id, cwd, tool, owner_id) VALUES (1, '/w/dev', 'claude', 2)").run();
+  const s = db.prepare(
+    "INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd, lane_id, account, source) VALUES (?, ?, 'active', '/w', ?, ?, ?)"
+  );
+  s.run("host-free", "eval", null, "", "local");
+  s.run("dev-free", "eval", null, "dev", "local");
+  s.run("host-in-dev-lane", "lane", 1, "", "local");
+  s.run("unknown", "old", null, null, "local");
+  s.run("gone-member", "x", null, "ghost", "local");
+});
+
+after(() => fs.rmSync(TMP, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+
+describe("session-account", () => {
+  it("bills a member's account to that member and the host's to the only admin", () => {
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), ["host-free"]);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(2), ["dev-free", "host-in-dev-lane"]);
+  });
+
+  it("lets the workspace's owner win over the account", () => {
+    assert.ok(!own(1).includes("host-in-dev-lane"));
+  });
+
+  it("bills nobody for the host when two admins and none is marked, then the marked one", () => {
+    db.prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO users (id, username, role, password_hash) VALUES (3, 'boss2', 'admin', 'x')"
+    ).run();
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), null);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), []);
+    sa.setHostOwner(3);
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), 3);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(3), ["host-free"]);
+    sa.setHostOwner(1);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(3), []);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), ["host-free"]);
+  });
+
+  it("lists account-billed sessions in OWNED_SESSIONS (Users page, spend quota)", () => {
+    const rows = db.prepare(OWNED_SESSIONS).all();
+    const by = Object.fromEntries(rows.map((r) => [r.session_id, r.uid]));
+    assert.equal(by["host-free"], 1);
+    assert.equal(by["dev-free"], 2);
+    assert.equal(by["host-in-dev-lane"], 2);
+    assert.equal(by.unknown, undefined);
+    assert.equal(by["gone-member"], undefined);
+  });
+
+  it("stamps the hook peer once and never a pushed session", () => {
+    db.prepare("INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd) VALUES ('fresh', 'f', 'active', '/w')").run();
+    db.prepare("INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd) VALUES ('pushed', 'p', 'active', '/w')").run();
+    sa.stampFromPeer("fresh", { kind: "member", name: "dev", home: "/srv/u/dev" });
+    sa.stampFromPeer("fresh", { kind: "host" });
+    sa.stampFromPeer("pushed", { kind: "host" }, "push:laptop");
+    sa.stampFromPeer("pushed", { kind: "refused" });
+    const acct = (id) => db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions WHERE id = ?").get(id).account;
+    assert.equal(acct("fresh"), "dev");
+    assert.equal(acct("pushed"), null);
+  });
+
+  it("gives a folder's account to sessions no hook stamped, skipping pushed ones", () => {
+    db.prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd, source) VALUES ('remote', 'r', 'active', '/w', 'push:laptop')"
+    ).run();
+    sa.stampFromFolders();
+    const acct = (id) => db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions WHERE id = ?").get(id).account;
+    // Outside S3 every folder is the host's.
+    assert.equal(acct("unknown"), "");
+    assert.equal(acct("pushed"), "");
+    assert.equal(acct("remote"), null);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/db.js b/server/db.js
index 47dc4baf..6b946370 100644
--- a/server/db.js
+++ b/server/db.js
@@ -1445,6 +1445,16 @@ try {
   db.prepare("ALTER TABLE sessions ADD COLUMN pinned_at TEXT").run();
 }
 
+// Migrate: add `account` to sessions — the Linux account a session ran as
+// (server/lib/session-account.js): "" = the host's, else the S3 member's name;
+// NULL = not known yet. A session no workspace owns is billed to the user of
+// that account (server/lib/scope.js), so a script's `claude -p` still counts.
+try {
+  db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions LIMIT 1").get();
+} catch {
+  db.prepare("ALTER TABLE sessions ADD COLUMN account TEXT").run();
+}
+
 // How far each Codex rollout journal has been read (server/lib/codex-usage.js).
 // In the DB, not a side file, so a session the user deleted stays deleted
 // until Codex writes to its journal again, while a wiped DB re-imports all.
@@ -1952,6 +1962,9 @@ for (const col of ["display_name", "email", "avatar_at", "avatar_link"]) {
 for (const [col, type] of [
   ["last_login_at", "TEXT"],
   ["must_change_password", "INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"],
+  // The admin who owns the HOST's Linux account: its sessions outside every
+  // workspace are billed to them (server/lib/session-account.js). At most one.
+  ["host_account", "INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"],
 ]) {
   try {
     db.prepare(`SELECT ${col} FROM users LIMIT 1`).get();
diff --git a/server/index.js b/server/index.js
index a2cd7e19..e9f67c1b 100644
--- a/server/index.js
+++ b/server/index.js
@@ -873,7 +873,9 @@ function startBackgroundServices() {
     if (poolTimer.unref) poolTimer.unref();
   }
   // Server mode's spend quotas (user-quota.js): who is over theirs now, the
-  // flag files their hooks read, the panes no hook can stop. Off with
+  // flag files their hooks read, the panes no hook can stop — after giving
+  // the sessions no hook made their Linux account (session-account.js), so a
+  // poller's session is billed to someone too. Off with
   // DASHBOARD_QUOTA_SWEEP_MS=0; a no-op in local mode.
   const QUOTA_SWEEP_MS = Number(process.env.DASHBOARD_QUOTA_SWEEP_MS ?? 60_000);
   if (
@@ -883,6 +885,7 @@ function startBackgroundServices() {
   ) {
     const quotaSweep = () => {
       try {
+        require("./lib/session-account").stampFromFolders();
         require("./lib/user-quota").sweep();
       } catch (err) {
         console.warn("user quota sweep failed:", err.message);
diff --git a/server/lib/auth.js b/server/lib/auth.js
index 0433c9e6..94c4d48a 100644
--- a/server/lib/auth.js
+++ b/server/lib/auth.js
@@ -213,6 +213,9 @@ const publicUser = (u) =>
     createdAt: u.created_at ?? null,
     // An admin gave this password: the account must pick its own first.
     mustChangePassword: Boolean(u.must_change_password),
+    // Owns the host's Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace
+    // are billed to this admin (server/lib/session-account.js).
+    hostAccount: Boolean(u.host_account),
   };
 
 const MAX_DISPLAY_NAME = 100;
@@ -415,7 +418,10 @@ function setRole(username, role) {
   if (!ROLES.includes(role)) throw err("EBADROLE", `role: one of ${ROLES.join(", ")}`);
   const u = requireUser(username);
   if (role !== "admin") assertKeepsAdmin(u, "demoted");
-  sql("UPDATE users SET role = ? WHERE id = ?").run(role, u.id);
+  // Only an admin owns the host account (session-account.js): a demotion drops the mark.
+  sql(
+    "UPDATE users SET role = ?, host_account = CASE WHEN ? = 'admin' THEN host_account ELSE 0 END WHERE id = ?"
+  ).run(role, role, u.id);
   if (role !== "admin") stopHostPanes(u.id);
 }
 
diff --git a/server/lib/scope.js b/server/lib/scope.js
index d36aa68f..a5582756 100644
--- a/server/lib/scope.js
+++ b/server/lib/scope.js
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
  *
  * A workspace (`lanes.owner_id`) belongs to the user who created it. A session
  * belongs to its workspace: `sessions.lane_id`, or a `dashboard_runs` row of
- * that workspace holding it (a session not stamped yet). Agents, events and
+ * that workspace holding it (a session not stamped yet). A session no workspace owns
+ * belongs to the user of the Linux account it ran as (`sessions.account`,
+ * server/lib/session-account.js) — a script's `claude -p` is its runner's. Agents, events and
  * token rows belong to their session. A developer sees and changes only what
  * their own workspaces own; an analyst SEES everything but changes only their
  * own (every non-GET request is scoped like a developer's); an admin sees and
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 const sql = (q) => require("../db").db.prepare(q);
+const { ACCOUNT_OWNED } = require("./session-account");
 
 /** The user whose rows this request is limited to, or null for "all". */
 function memberId(req) {
@@ -53,8 +56,9 @@ function ownedSessionWhere(uid, col, laneCol) {
   return {
     where: `(${laneCol} IN (SELECT id FROM lanes WHERE owner_id = ?)
       OR ${col} IN (SELECT r.session_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id
-                     WHERE l.owner_id = ? AND r.session_id IS NOT NULL))`,
-    params: [uid, uid],
+                     WHERE l.owner_id = ? AND r.session_id IS NOT NULL)
+      OR ${col} IN (SELECT session_id FROM (${ACCOUNT_OWNED}) WHERE uid = ?))`,
+    params: [uid, uid, uid],
   };
 }
 
@@ -264,14 +268,16 @@ function ownerStillFits(laneId) {
 
 const STAFF = { staffOnly: true };
 
-/** Owner ids of the workspaces that own a session (stamped or held by a run). */
+/** Owner ids of a session: its workspace's (stamped or held by a run), else its account's user. */
 function sessionOwners(sessionId) {
   if (!sessionId) return new Set();
   const rows = sql(
     `SELECT l.owner_id FROM sessions s JOIN lanes l ON l.id = s.lane_id WHERE s.id = ?
      UNION
-     SELECT l.owner_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id WHERE r.session_id = ?`
-  ).all(String(sessionId), String(sessionId));
+     SELECT l.owner_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id WHERE r.session_id = ?
+     UNION
+     SELECT uid FROM (${ACCOUNT_OWNED}) WHERE session_id = ?`
+  ).all(String(sessionId), String(sessionId), String(sessionId));
   return new Set(rows.map((r) => r.owner_id).filter((x) => x != null));
 }
 
diff --git a/server/lib/session-account.js b/server/lib/session-account.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd10ef4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/lib/session-account.js
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * @file session-account.js
+ * @description Which Linux account a session ran as (`sessions.account`: ""
+ * = the host's, else an S3 member's name), and whose bill a session no
+ * workspace owns goes on. A workspace owns a session through `lane_id` or a
+ * `dashboard_runs` row (server/lib/scope.js); a session started OUTSIDE every
+ * workspace — a script's `claude -p`, a CLI typed in a plain terminal — has
+ * neither, and without this its spend counted for nobody: not in anyone's
+ * Today, the Users page or a spend quota.
+ *
+ * The account is the hook's PEER (server/lib/hook-auth.js: the uid of the
+ * loopback connection, never the body) when a hook creates the session; a
+ * session no hook made (the Codex/Antigravity/Cursor/omp pollers, history)
+ * gets it from its folder, the S3 rule `accountForPath` already applies to
+ * every pane. A pushed session (another machine's) never gets one. A member
+ * account bills to the user of that name; the host account to the admin an
+ * admin marked as its owner (`users.host_account`), or — with no mark — the
+ * only enabled admin, if there is exactly one.
+ * @author Nguyễn Ngọc Trí Vĩ <vinnt@smartgift.vn>
+ */
+
+const sql = (q) => require("../db").db.prepare(q);
+
+// The user the host account's sessions bill to (null: nobody marked and not exactly one admin).
+const HOST_OWNER = `COALESCE(
+  (SELECT MIN(id) FROM users WHERE host_account = 1 AND role = 'admin'),
+  (SELECT MIN(id) FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' AND disabled = 0 HAVING COUNT(*) = 1))`;
+
+// A session no workspace owns: neither stamped onto an owned lane nor held by
+// a run of one — exactly the complement of scope.js's ownership.
+const UNOWNED = `(s.lane_id IS NULL OR s.lane_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM lanes WHERE owner_id IS NOT NULL))
+  AND s.id NOT IN (SELECT r.session_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id
+                    WHERE r.session_id IS NOT NULL AND l.owner_id IS NOT NULL)`;
+
+/** `session_id` → `uid` for every session billed by its account (no workspace owns it). */
+const ACCOUNT_OWNED = `
+  SELECT s.id AS session_id, u.id AS uid
+    FROM sessions s JOIN users u
+      ON u.id = CASE WHEN s.account = '' THEN ${HOST_OWNER}
+                     ELSE (SELECT id FROM users WHERE username = s.account) END
+   WHERE s.account IS NOT NULL AND ${UNOWNED}`;
+
+/** The account a hook's peer names: "" for the host, a member's name, null otherwise. */
+function accountOfPeer(peer) {
+  if (!peer || peer.kind === "host") return "";
+  if (peer.kind === "member" && peer.name) return peer.name;
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** Record a hook-created session's account — first writer wins, a pushed hook never writes. */
+function stampFromPeer(sessionId, peer, pushSource = null) {
+  if (pushSource || !sessionId) return;
+  const account = accountOfPeer(peer);
+  if (account == null) return;
+  sql("UPDATE sessions SET account = ? WHERE id = ? AND account IS NULL").run(account, sessionId);
+}
+
+/** The account a folder runs as: "" outside the users root, a member's name inside it. */
+function accountOfPath(cwd) {
+  const linux = require("./linux-accounts");
+  const conf = linux.s3Enabled() ? linux.serverConf() : null;
+  const root = conf?.usersRoot;
+  const path = require("path");
+  if (!root || typeof cwd !== "string" || !path.isAbsolute(cwd)) return "";
+  const rel = path.relative(root, path.resolve(cwd));
+  if (rel.startsWith("..") || path.isAbsolute(rel)) return "";
+  // The users root itself is nobody's.
+  return rel.split(path.sep)[0] || null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Give every local session still without an account the one its folder runs
+ * as (sessions the pollers made, and history from before the column). Cheap
+ * once caught up: only `account IS NULL` rows are read.
+ */
+function stampFromFolders() {
+  const rows = sql(
+    "SELECT id, cwd FROM sessions WHERE account IS NULL AND source NOT LIKE 'push:%' LIMIT 5000"
+  ).all();
+  if (!rows.length) return 0;
+  const set = sql("UPDATE sessions SET account = ? WHERE id = ? AND account IS NULL");
+  let n = 0;
+  require("../db").db.transaction(() => {
+    for (const r of rows) {
+      const account = accountOfPath(r.cwd);
+      if (account != null) n += set.run(account, r.id).changes;
+    }
+  })();
+  return n;
+}
+
+/** Mark `userId` (an admin) as the host account's owner, or clear the mark with null. */
+function setHostOwner(userId) {
+  require("../db").db.transaction(() => {
+    sql("UPDATE users SET host_account = 0 WHERE host_account = 1").run();
+    if (userId != null) sql("UPDATE users SET host_account = 1 WHERE id = ?").run(userId);
+  })();
+}
+
+/** The user id the host account bills to right now, or null. */
+function hostOwner() {
+  return sql(`SELECT ${HOST_OWNER} AS id`).get()?.id ?? null;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ACCOUNT_OWNED,
+  accountOfPeer,
+  stampFromPeer,
+  accountOfPath,
+  stampFromFolders,
+  setHostOwner,
+  hostOwner,
+};
diff --git a/server/openapi-extra/auth.js b/server/openapi-extra/auth.js
index 60007fdb..23197db0 100644
--- a/server/openapi-extra/auth.js
+++ b/server/openapi-extra/auth.js
@@ -790,6 +790,11 @@ const paths = {
         addWorkspaces: { type: "array", items: { type: "integer" } },
         removeWorkspaces: { type: "array", items: { type: "integer" } },
         signOut: { type: "boolean", enum: [true] },
+        hostAccount: {
+          type: "boolean",
+          description:
+            "An admin owns the host's Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace are billed to them (at most one; EBADROLE for a non-admin)",
+        },
         quota: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserQuotaSetting" },
       }),
       responses: {
diff --git a/server/routes/hooks.js b/server/routes/hooks.js
index 674b3df5..f06b80e4 100644
--- a/server/routes/hooks.js
+++ b/server/routes/hooks.js
@@ -1643,6 +1643,8 @@ function ingestHook(body, pushSource = null, peer = { kind: "host" }) {
       } else {
         touchLaneFromHook(hook_type, data, tool, body.run_id, peer);
         bindRunSession(body.run_id, data.session_id, hook_type, data.source, tool);
+        // The Linux account it ran as: whose bill it is when no workspace owns it.
+        require("../lib/session-account").stampFromPeer(data.session_id, peer);
       }
     }
   } finally {
diff --git a/server/routes/users.js b/server/routes/users.js
index 2b2587ae..e8c98291 100644
--- a/server/routes/users.js
+++ b/server/routes/users.js
@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ const { listAudit, recordAccountChange } = require("../lib/audit");
 
 const router = Router();
 
-// Which account each session belongs to — through its workspace, or a
-// dashboard run on one (server/lib/scope.js's sessionWhere, for every user at once).
+// Which account each session belongs to — through its workspace, a dashboard
+// run on one, or (no workspace owns it) the Linux account it ran as
+// (server/lib/scope.js's sessionWhere, for every user at once).
 const OWNED_SESSIONS = `
   SELECT s.id AS session_id, l.owner_id AS uid
     FROM sessions s JOIN lanes l ON l.id = s.lane_id
@@ -63,7 +64,9 @@ const OWNED_SESSIONS = `
   UNION
   SELECT s.id, l.owner_id
     FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id JOIN sessions s ON s.id = r.session_id
-   WHERE l.owner_id IS NOT NULL`;
+   WHERE l.owner_id IS NOT NULL
+  UNION
+  ${require("../lib/session-account").ACCOUNT_OWNED}`;
 
 /**
  * Map(user id → {cost, tokens}) per window, each window a UTC hour
@@ -580,6 +583,18 @@ router.patch(
       if (self && body.disabled) throw ESELF("you cannot disable yourself");
     }
     const disabledChange = body.disabled !== undefined && body.disabled !== Boolean(u.disabled);
+    if (body.hostAccount !== undefined) {
+      if (typeof body.hostAccount !== "boolean") {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error("hostAccount: true or false"), { code: "EBADFIELD" });
+      }
+      if (body.hostAccount && (body.role ?? u.role) !== "admin") {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error("only an admin can own the host account"), {
+          code: "EBADROLE",
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    const hostChange =
+      body.hostAccount !== undefined && body.hostAccount !== Boolean(u.host_account);
     if (body.password !== undefined) {
       // Your own password: every rule. Someone else's: a starting one they replace.
       if (self) {
@@ -619,6 +634,10 @@ router.patch(
       auth.setRole(u.username, body.role);
       done.push(`role ${body.role}`);
     }
+    if (hostChange) {
+      require("../lib/session-account").setHostOwner(body.hostAccount ? u.id : null);
+      done.push(body.hostAccount ? "owns the host account" : "no longer owns the host account");
+    }
     for (const id of add) auth.assignWorkspace(id, u.username);
     for (const id of remove) auth.unassignWorkspace(id, u.username);
     if (add.length) done.push(`workspace ${add.join(", ")}`);