fix(cost): bill a session outside every workspace to its Linux account's user

A script's claude -p in a temp folder (the SG Flow eval runner strips the
pane's env) had no workspace, so its spend reached nobody's Today, the Users
page or a spend quota — ~$57 of a $74 day was missing from the status bar.

sessions.account records the Linux account a session ran as (the hook's
peer uid, else its folder for poller-made and old rows); a session no
workspace owns is owned by that account's user — a member's to them, the
host's to the admin ticked 'Owns this server's host account' (or the only
admin). Workspace ownership still wins.

server/__tests__/session-account.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/**
+ * @file session-account.test.js
+ * @description A session no workspace owns is billed to the user of the Linux
+ * account it ran as (server/lib/session-account.js): a member's account to
+ * that member, the host's to the admin marked as its owner (or the only
+ * admin). A workspace's ownership always wins, a pushed session never gets an
+ * account, and the hook peer is stamped once.
+ * @author Nguyễn Ngọc Trí Vĩ <vinnt@smartgift.vn>
+ */
+
+const { describe, it, before, after } = require("node:test");
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const path = require("node:path");
+const fs = require("node:fs");
+const os = require("node:os");
+
+const TMP = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "session-account-test-"));
+process.env.DASHBOARD_DB_PATH = path.join(TMP, "dashboard.db");
+
+const { db } = require("../db");
+const sa = require("../lib/session-account");
+const scope = require("../lib/scope");
+const { OWNED_SESSIONS } = require("../routes/users");
+
+const own = (id) => {
+  const w = scope.ownSessionWhere({ user: { id } });
+  return db
+    .prepare(`SELECT id FROM sessions WHERE ${w.where} ORDER BY id`)
+    .all(...w.params)
+    .map((r) => r.id);
+};
+
+before(() => {
+  const user = db.prepare(
+    "INSERT INTO users (id, username, role, password_hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?, 'x')"
+  );
+  user.run(1, "boss", "admin");
+  user.run(2, "dev", "developer");
+  db.prepare("INSERT INTO lanes (id, cwd, tool, owner_id) VALUES (1, '/w/dev', 'claude', 2)").run();
+  const s = db.prepare(
+    "INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd, lane_id, account, source) VALUES (?, ?, 'active', '/w', ?, ?, ?)"
+  );
+  s.run("host-free", "eval", null, "", "local");
+  s.run("dev-free", "eval", null, "dev", "local");
+  s.run("host-in-dev-lane", "lane", 1, "", "local");
+  s.run("unknown", "old", null, null, "local");
+  s.run("gone-member", "x", null, "ghost", "local");
+});
+
+after(() => fs.rmSync(TMP, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+
+describe("session-account", () => {
+  it("bills a member's account to that member and the host's to the only admin", () => {
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), ["host-free"]);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(2), ["dev-free", "host-in-dev-lane"]);
+  });
+
+  it("lets the workspace's owner win over the account", () => {
+    assert.ok(!own(1).includes("host-in-dev-lane"));
+  });
+
+  it("bills nobody for the host when two admins and none is marked, then the marked one", () => {
+    db.prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO users (id, username, role, password_hash) VALUES (3, 'boss2', 'admin', 'x')"
+    ).run();
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), null);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), []);
+    sa.setHostOwner(3);
+    assert.equal(sa.hostOwner(), 3);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(3), ["host-free"]);
+    sa.setHostOwner(1);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(3), []);
+    assert.deepEqual(own(1), ["host-free"]);
+  });
+
+  it("lists account-billed sessions in OWNED_SESSIONS (Users page, spend quota)", () => {
+    const rows = db.prepare(OWNED_SESSIONS).all();
+    const by = Object.fromEntries(rows.map((r) => [r.session_id, r.uid]));
+    assert.equal(by["host-free"], 1);
+    assert.equal(by["dev-free"], 2);
+    assert.equal(by["host-in-dev-lane"], 2);
+    assert.equal(by.unknown, undefined);
+    assert.equal(by["gone-member"], undefined);
+  });
+
+  it("stamps the hook peer once and never a pushed session", () => {
+    db.prepare("INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd) VALUES ('fresh', 'f', 'active', '/w')").run();
+    db.prepare("INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd) VALUES ('pushed', 'p', 'active', '/w')").run();
+    sa.stampFromPeer("fresh", { kind: "member", name: "dev", home: "/srv/u/dev" });
+    sa.stampFromPeer("fresh", { kind: "host" });
+    sa.stampFromPeer("pushed", { kind: "host" }, "push:laptop");
+    sa.stampFromPeer("pushed", { kind: "refused" });
+    const acct = (id) => db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions WHERE id = ?").get(id).account;
+    assert.equal(acct("fresh"), "dev");
+    assert.equal(acct("pushed"), null);
+  });
+
+  it("gives a folder's account to sessions no hook stamped, skipping pushed ones", () => {
+    db.prepare(
+      "INSERT INTO sessions (id, name, status, cwd, source) VALUES ('remote', 'r', 'active', '/w', 'push:laptop')"
+    ).run();
+    sa.stampFromFolders();
+    const acct = (id) => db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions WHERE id = ?").get(id).account;
+    // Outside S3 every folder is the host's.
+    assert.equal(acct("unknown"), "");
+    assert.equal(acct("pushed"), "");
+    assert.equal(acct("remote"), null);
+  });
+});

server/db.js

@@ -1445,6 +1445,16 @@ try {
   db.prepare("ALTER TABLE sessions ADD COLUMN pinned_at TEXT").run();
 }
 
+// Migrate: add `account` to sessions — the Linux account a session ran as
+// (server/lib/session-account.js): "" = the host's, else the S3 member's name;
+// NULL = not known yet. A session no workspace owns is billed to the user of
+// that account (server/lib/scope.js), so a script's `claude -p` still counts.
+try {
+  db.prepare("SELECT account FROM sessions LIMIT 1").get();
+} catch {
+  db.prepare("ALTER TABLE sessions ADD COLUMN account TEXT").run();
+}
+
 // How far each Codex rollout journal has been read (server/lib/codex-usage.js).
 // In the DB, not a side file, so a session the user deleted stays deleted
 // until Codex writes to its journal again, while a wiped DB re-imports all.
@@ -1952,6 +1962,9 @@ for (const col of ["display_name", "email", "avatar_at", "avatar_link"]) {
 for (const [col, type] of [
   ["last_login_at", "TEXT"],
   ["must_change_password", "INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"],
+  // The admin who owns the HOST's Linux account: its sessions outside every
+  // workspace are billed to them (server/lib/session-account.js). At most one.
+  ["host_account", "INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"],
 ]) {
   try {
     db.prepare(`SELECT ${col} FROM users LIMIT 1`).get();

server/index.js

@@ -873,7 +873,9 @@ function startBackgroundServices() {
     if (poolTimer.unref) poolTimer.unref();
   }
   // Server mode's spend quotas (user-quota.js): who is over theirs now, the
-  // flag files their hooks read, the panes no hook can stop. Off with
+  // flag files their hooks read, the panes no hook can stop — after giving
+  // the sessions no hook made their Linux account (session-account.js), so a
+  // poller's session is billed to someone too. Off with
   // DASHBOARD_QUOTA_SWEEP_MS=0; a no-op in local mode.
   const QUOTA_SWEEP_MS = Number(process.env.DASHBOARD_QUOTA_SWEEP_MS ?? 60_000);
   if (
@@ -883,6 +885,7 @@ function startBackgroundServices() {
   ) {
     const quotaSweep = () => {
       try {
+        require("./lib/session-account").stampFromFolders();
         require("./lib/user-quota").sweep();
       } catch (err) {
         console.warn("user quota sweep failed:", err.message);

server/lib/auth.js

@@ -213,6 +213,9 @@ const publicUser = (u) =>
     createdAt: u.created_at ?? null,
     // An admin gave this password: the account must pick its own first.
     mustChangePassword: Boolean(u.must_change_password),
+    // Owns the host's Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace
+    // are billed to this admin (server/lib/session-account.js).
+    hostAccount: Boolean(u.host_account),
   };
 
 const MAX_DISPLAY_NAME = 100;
@@ -415,7 +418,10 @@ function setRole(username, role) {
   if (!ROLES.includes(role)) throw err("EBADROLE", `role: one of ${ROLES.join(", ")}`);
   const u = requireUser(username);
   if (role !== "admin") assertKeepsAdmin(u, "demoted");
-  sql("UPDATE users SET role = ? WHERE id = ?").run(role, u.id);
+  // Only an admin owns the host account (session-account.js): a demotion drops the mark.
+  sql(
+    "UPDATE users SET role = ?, host_account = CASE WHEN ? = 'admin' THEN host_account ELSE 0 END WHERE id = ?"
+  ).run(role, role, u.id);
   if (role !== "admin") stopHostPanes(u.id);
 }
 

server/lib/scope.js

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
  *
  * A workspace (`lanes.owner_id`) belongs to the user who created it. A session
  * belongs to its workspace: `sessions.lane_id`, or a `dashboard_runs` row of
- * that workspace holding it (a session not stamped yet). Agents, events and
+ * that workspace holding it (a session not stamped yet). A session no workspace owns
+ * belongs to the user of the Linux account it ran as (`sessions.account`,
+ * server/lib/session-account.js) — a script's `claude -p` is its runner's. Agents, events and
  * token rows belong to their session. A developer sees and changes only what
  * their own workspaces own; an analyst SEES everything but changes only their
  * own (every non-GET request is scoped like a developer's); an admin sees and
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 const sql = (q) => require("../db").db.prepare(q);
+const { ACCOUNT_OWNED } = require("./session-account");
 
 /** The user whose rows this request is limited to, or null for "all". */
 function memberId(req) {
@@ -53,8 +56,9 @@ function ownedSessionWhere(uid, col, laneCol) {
   return {
     where: `(${laneCol} IN (SELECT id FROM lanes WHERE owner_id = ?)
       OR ${col} IN (SELECT r.session_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id
-                     WHERE l.owner_id = ? AND r.session_id IS NOT NULL))`,
-    params: [uid, uid],
+                     WHERE l.owner_id = ? AND r.session_id IS NOT NULL)
+      OR ${col} IN (SELECT session_id FROM (${ACCOUNT_OWNED}) WHERE uid = ?))`,
+    params: [uid, uid, uid],
   };
 }
 
@@ -264,14 +268,16 @@ function ownerStillFits(laneId) {
 
 const STAFF = { staffOnly: true };
 
-/** Owner ids of the workspaces that own a session (stamped or held by a run). */
+/** Owner ids of a session: its workspace's (stamped or held by a run), else its account's user. */
 function sessionOwners(sessionId) {
   if (!sessionId) return new Set();
   const rows = sql(
     `SELECT l.owner_id FROM sessions s JOIN lanes l ON l.id = s.lane_id WHERE s.id = ?
      UNION
-     SELECT l.owner_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id WHERE r.session_id = ?`
-  ).all(String(sessionId), String(sessionId));
+     SELECT l.owner_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id WHERE r.session_id = ?
+     UNION
+     SELECT uid FROM (${ACCOUNT_OWNED}) WHERE session_id = ?`
+  ).all(String(sessionId), String(sessionId), String(sessionId));
   return new Set(rows.map((r) => r.owner_id).filter((x) => x != null));
 }
 

server/lib/session-account.js

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * @file session-account.js
+ * @description Which Linux account a session ran as (`sessions.account`: ""
+ * = the host's, else an S3 member's name), and whose bill a session no
+ * workspace owns goes on. A workspace owns a session through `lane_id` or a
+ * `dashboard_runs` row (server/lib/scope.js); a session started OUTSIDE every
+ * workspace — a script's `claude -p`, a CLI typed in a plain terminal — has
+ * neither, and without this its spend counted for nobody: not in anyone's
+ * Today, the Users page or a spend quota.
+ *
+ * The account is the hook's PEER (server/lib/hook-auth.js: the uid of the
+ * loopback connection, never the body) when a hook creates the session; a
+ * session no hook made (the Codex/Antigravity/Cursor/omp pollers, history)
+ * gets it from its folder, the S3 rule `accountForPath` already applies to
+ * every pane. A pushed session (another machine's) never gets one. A member
+ * account bills to the user of that name; the host account to the admin an
+ * admin marked as its owner (`users.host_account`), or — with no mark — the
+ * only enabled admin, if there is exactly one.
+ * @author Nguyễn Ngọc Trí Vĩ <vinnt@smartgift.vn>
+ */
+
+const sql = (q) => require("../db").db.prepare(q);
+
+// The user the host account's sessions bill to (null: nobody marked and not exactly one admin).
+const HOST_OWNER = `COALESCE(
+  (SELECT MIN(id) FROM users WHERE host_account = 1 AND role = 'admin'),
+  (SELECT MIN(id) FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' AND disabled = 0 HAVING COUNT(*) = 1))`;
+
+// A session no workspace owns: neither stamped onto an owned lane nor held by
+// a run of one — exactly the complement of scope.js's ownership.
+const UNOWNED = `(s.lane_id IS NULL OR s.lane_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM lanes WHERE owner_id IS NOT NULL))
+  AND s.id NOT IN (SELECT r.session_id FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id
+                    WHERE r.session_id IS NOT NULL AND l.owner_id IS NOT NULL)`;
+
+/** `session_id` → `uid` for every session billed by its account (no workspace owns it). */
+const ACCOUNT_OWNED = `
+  SELECT s.id AS session_id, u.id AS uid
+    FROM sessions s JOIN users u
+      ON u.id = CASE WHEN s.account = '' THEN ${HOST_OWNER}
+                     ELSE (SELECT id FROM users WHERE username = s.account) END
+   WHERE s.account IS NOT NULL AND ${UNOWNED}`;
+
+/** The account a hook's peer names: "" for the host, a member's name, null otherwise. */
+function accountOfPeer(peer) {
+  if (!peer || peer.kind === "host") return "";
+  if (peer.kind === "member" && peer.name) return peer.name;
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** Record a hook-created session's account — first writer wins, a pushed hook never writes. */
+function stampFromPeer(sessionId, peer, pushSource = null) {
+  if (pushSource || !sessionId) return;
+  const account = accountOfPeer(peer);
+  if (account == null) return;
+  sql("UPDATE sessions SET account = ? WHERE id = ? AND account IS NULL").run(account, sessionId);
+}
+
+/** The account a folder runs as: "" outside the users root, a member's name inside it. */
+function accountOfPath(cwd) {
+  const linux = require("./linux-accounts");
+  const conf = linux.s3Enabled() ? linux.serverConf() : null;
+  const root = conf?.usersRoot;
+  const path = require("path");
+  if (!root || typeof cwd !== "string" || !path.isAbsolute(cwd)) return "";
+  const rel = path.relative(root, path.resolve(cwd));
+  if (rel.startsWith("..") || path.isAbsolute(rel)) return "";
+  // The users root itself is nobody's.
+  return rel.split(path.sep)[0] || null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Give every local session still without an account the one its folder runs
+ * as (sessions the pollers made, and history from before the column). Cheap
+ * once caught up: only `account IS NULL` rows are read.
+ */
+function stampFromFolders() {
+  const rows = sql(
+    "SELECT id, cwd FROM sessions WHERE account IS NULL AND source NOT LIKE 'push:%' LIMIT 5000"
+  ).all();
+  if (!rows.length) return 0;
+  const set = sql("UPDATE sessions SET account = ? WHERE id = ? AND account IS NULL");
+  let n = 0;
+  require("../db").db.transaction(() => {
+    for (const r of rows) {
+      const account = accountOfPath(r.cwd);
+      if (account != null) n += set.run(account, r.id).changes;
+    }
+  })();
+  return n;
+}
+
+/** Mark `userId` (an admin) as the host account's owner, or clear the mark with null. */
+function setHostOwner(userId) {
+  require("../db").db.transaction(() => {
+    sql("UPDATE users SET host_account = 0 WHERE host_account = 1").run();
+    if (userId != null) sql("UPDATE users SET host_account = 1 WHERE id = ?").run(userId);
+  })();
+}
+
+/** The user id the host account bills to right now, or null. */
+function hostOwner() {
+  return sql(`SELECT ${HOST_OWNER} AS id`).get()?.id ?? null;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ACCOUNT_OWNED,
+  accountOfPeer,
+  stampFromPeer,
+  accountOfPath,
+  stampFromFolders,
+  setHostOwner,
+  hostOwner,
+};

server/openapi-extra/auth.js

@@ -790,6 +790,11 @@ const paths = {
         addWorkspaces: { type: "array", items: { type: "integer" } },
         removeWorkspaces: { type: "array", items: { type: "integer" } },
         signOut: { type: "boolean", enum: [true] },
+        hostAccount: {
+          type: "boolean",
+          description:
+            "An admin owns the host's Linux account: its sessions outside every workspace are billed to them (at most one; EBADROLE for a non-admin)",
+        },
         quota: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserQuotaSetting" },
       }),
       responses: {

server/routes/hooks.js

@@ -1643,6 +1643,8 @@ function ingestHook(body, pushSource = null, peer = { kind: "host" }) {
       } else {
         touchLaneFromHook(hook_type, data, tool, body.run_id, peer);
         bindRunSession(body.run_id, data.session_id, hook_type, data.source, tool);
+        // The Linux account it ran as: whose bill it is when no workspace owns it.
+        require("../lib/session-account").stampFromPeer(data.session_id, peer);
       }
     }
   } finally {

server/routes/users.js

@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ const { listAudit, recordAccountChange } = require("../lib/audit");
 
 const router = Router();
 
-// Which account each session belongs to — through its workspace, or a
-// dashboard run on one (server/lib/scope.js's sessionWhere, for every user at once).
+// Which account each session belongs to — through its workspace, a dashboard
+// run on one, or (no workspace owns it) the Linux account it ran as
+// (server/lib/scope.js's sessionWhere, for every user at once).
 const OWNED_SESSIONS = `
   SELECT s.id AS session_id, l.owner_id AS uid
     FROM sessions s JOIN lanes l ON l.id = s.lane_id
@@ -63,7 +64,9 @@ const OWNED_SESSIONS = `
   UNION
   SELECT s.id, l.owner_id
     FROM dashboard_runs r JOIN lanes l ON l.id = r.lane_id JOIN sessions s ON s.id = r.session_id
-   WHERE l.owner_id IS NOT NULL`;
+   WHERE l.owner_id IS NOT NULL
+  UNION
+  ${require("../lib/session-account").ACCOUNT_OWNED}`;
 
 /**
  * Map(user id → {cost, tokens}) per window, each window a UTC hour
@@ -580,6 +583,18 @@ router.patch(
       if (self && body.disabled) throw ESELF("you cannot disable yourself");
     }
     const disabledChange = body.disabled !== undefined && body.disabled !== Boolean(u.disabled);
+    if (body.hostAccount !== undefined) {
+      if (typeof body.hostAccount !== "boolean") {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error("hostAccount: true or false"), { code: "EBADFIELD" });
+      }
+      if (body.hostAccount && (body.role ?? u.role) !== "admin") {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error("only an admin can own the host account"), {
+          code: "EBADROLE",
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    const hostChange =
+      body.hostAccount !== undefined && body.hostAccount !== Boolean(u.host_account);
     if (body.password !== undefined) {
       // Your own password: every rule. Someone else's: a starting one they replace.
       if (self) {
@@ -619,6 +634,10 @@ router.patch(
       auth.setRole(u.username, body.role);
       done.push(`role ${body.role}`);
     }
+    if (hostChange) {
+      require("../lib/session-account").setHostOwner(body.hostAccount ? u.id : null);
+      done.push(body.hostAccount ? "owns the host account" : "no longer owns the host account");
+    }
     for (const id of add) auth.assignWorkspace(id, u.username);
     for (const id of remove) auth.unassignWorkspace(id, u.username);
     if (add.length) done.push(`workspace ${add.join(", ")}`);